1. Lee JH, Choi KD, Jung HY, et al. Seroprevalence of
Helicobacter pylori in Korea: a multicenter, nationwide study conducted in 2015 and 2016. Helicobacter 2018;23:e12463.
2. Kim SG, Jung HK, Lee HL, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of
Helicobacter pylori infection in Korea, 2013 revised edition. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;29:1371–1386.
3. Choi IJ, Kim CG, Lee JY, et al. Family history of gastric cancer and
Helicobacter pylori treatment. N Engl J Med 2020;382:427–436.
4. Choi IJ, Kook MC, Kim YI, et al.
Helicobacter pylori therapy for the prevention of metachronous gastric cancer. N Engl J Med 2018;378:1085–1095.
5. Lee JH, Ahn JY, Choi KD, et al. Nationwide antibiotic resistance mapping of
Helicobacter pylori in Korea: a prospective multicenter study. Helicobacter 2019;24:e12592.
7. Malfertheiner P, Megraud F, O'Morain CA, et al. Management of
Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht V/Florence consensus report. Gut 2017;66:6–30.
8. Chey WD, Leontiadis GI, Howden CW, Moss SF. ACG clinical guideline: treatment of
Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2017;112:212–239.
9. Fallone CA, Chiba N, van Zanten SV, et al. The Toronto consensus for the treatment of
Helicobacter pylori infection in adults. Gastroenterology 2016;151:51–69.e14.
10. Gisbert JP, Morena F. Systematic review and meta-analysis: levofloxacin-based rescue regimens after
Helicobacter pylori treatment failure. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;23:35–44.
11. Saad RJ, Schoenfeld P, Kim HM, Chey WD. Levofloxacin-based triple therapy versus bismuth-based quadruple therapy for persistent
Helicobacter pylori infection: a meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol 2006;101:488–496.
12. Gisbert JP.; H. pylori Study Group of the Spanish Gastroenterology Association. Letter: third-line rescue therapy with levofloxacin after failure of two treatments to eradicate
Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012;35:1484–1485; author reply 1486.
13. Gisbert JP, Calvet X. Review article: rifabutin in the treatment of refractory
Helicobacter pylori infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012;35:209–221.
14. Marin AC, McNicholl AG, Gisbert JP. A review of rescue regimens after clarithromycin-containing triple therapy failure (for
Helicobacter pylori eradication). Expert Opin Pharmacother 2013;14:843–861.
15. Muñoz N, Sánchez-Delgado J, Baylina M, et al. Systematic review, meta-analysis, and meta-regression: successful second-line treatment for
Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2018;23:e12488.
18. Chuah SK, Tai WC, Hsu PI, et al. The efficacy of second-line anti-
Helicobacter pylori therapy using an extended 14-day levofloxacin/amoxicillin/proton-pump inhibitor treatment--a pilot study. Helicobacter 2012;17:374–381.
19. Karatapanis S, Skorda L, Georgopoulos S, et al. Levofloxacinbased triple therapy versus bismuth-based quadruple therapy as a second line treatment for the eradication of H. pylori infection. Ann Gastroenterol 2009;22:263–267.
20. Kuo CH, Hu HM, Kuo FC, et al. Efficacy of levofloxacin-based rescue therapy for
Helicobacter pylori infection after standard triple therapy: a randomized controlled trial. J Antimicrob Chemother 2009;63:1017–1024.
21. Jung HS, Shim KN, Baik SJ, et al. Efficacy of levofloxacin-based triple therapy as second-line
Helicobacter pylori eradication. Korean J Gastroenterol 2008;51:285–290.
23. Kuo CH, Hsu PI, Kuo FC, et al. Comparison of 10 day bismuth quadruple therapy with high-dose metronidazole or levofloxacin for second-line
Helicobacter pylori therapy: a randomized controlled trial. J Antimicrob Chemother 2013;68:222–228.
25. Wu DC, Hsu PI, Tseng HH, et al.
Helicobacter pylori infection: a randomized, controlled study comparing 2 rescue therapies after failure of standard triple therapies. Medicine (Baltimore) 2011;90:180–185.
26. Uygun A, Ozel AM, Yildiz O, et al. Comparison of three different second-line quadruple therapies including bismuth subcitrate in Turkish patients with non-ulcer dyspepsia who failed to eradicate
Helicobacter pylori with a 14-day standard first-line therapy. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;23:42–45.
27. Wu TS, Hsu PI, Kuo CH, et al. Comparison of 10-day levofloxacin bismuth-based quadruple therapy and levofloxacin-based triple therapy for
Helicobacter pylori. J Dig Dis 2017;18:537–542.
28. Chuah SK, Liang CM, Lee CH, et al. A randomized control trial comparing 2 levofloxacin-containing second-line therapies for
Helicobacter pylori eradication. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016;95:e3586.
29. Chuah SK, Hsu PI, Chang KC, et al. Randomized comparison of two non-bismuth-containing second-line rescue therapies for
Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2012;17:216–223.
30. Hu TH, Chuah SK, Hsu PI, et al. Randomized comparison of two nonbismuth-containing rescue therapies for
Helicobacter pylori. Am J Med Sci 2011;342:177–181.
31. Calhan T, Kahraman R, Sahin A, et al. Efficacy of two levofloxacin-containing second-line therapies for
Helicobacter pylori: a pilot study. Helicobacter 2013;18:378–383.
32. Ueki N, Miyake K, Kusunoki M, et al. Impact of quadruple regimen of clarithromycin added to metronidazole-containing triple therapy against
Helicobacter pylori infection following clarithromycin-containing triple-therapy failure. Helicobacter 2009;14:91–99.
33. Liou JM, Bair MJ, Chen CC, et al. Levofloxacin sequential therapy vs levofloxacin triple therapy in the second-line treatment of
Helicobacter pylori: a randomized trial. Am J Gastroenterol 2016;111:381–387.
34. Yang JC, Lin CJ, Wang HL, et al. High-dose dual therapy is superior to standard first-line or rescue therapy for
Helicobacter pylori infection. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015;13:895–905.e5.
35. Mansour-Ghanaei F, Joukar F, Naghipour MR, Forouhari A, Saadat SM. Seven-day quintuple regimen as a rescue therapy for
Helicobacter pylori eradication. World J Gastroenterol 2015;21:661–666.
36. Cao Z, Chen Q, Zhang W, et al. Fourteen-day optimized levofloxacin-based therapy versus classical quadruple therapy for
Helicobacter pylori treatment failures: a randomized clinical trial. Scand J Gastroenterol 2015;50:1185–1190.
37. Munteanu D, Etzion O, Ben-Yakov G, et al. Efficacy and safety of sequential versus quadruple therapy as second-line treatment for
Helicobacter pylori infection-a randomized controlled trial. PLoS One 2017;12:e0183302.
38. Gu LY, Lin WW, Lu H, Chen XY, Ge ZZ, Li XB. Quadruple therapy with medications containing either rufloxacin or furazolidone as a rescue regimen in the treatment of
Helicobacter pylori-infected dyspepsia patients: a randomized pilot study. Helicobacter 2011;16:284–288.
39. Minakari M, Davarpanah Jazi AH, Shavakhi A, Moghareabed N, Fatahi F. A randomized controlled trial: efficacy and safety of azithromycin, ofloxacin, bismuth, and omeprazole compared with amoxicillin, clarithromycin, bismuth, and omeprazole as second-line therapy in patients with
Helicobacter pylori infection. Helicobacter 2010;15:154–159.
40. Bago J, Pevec B, Tomić M, Marusić M, Bakula V, Bago P. Second-line treatment for
Helicobacter pylori infection based on moxifloxacin triple therapy: a randomized controlled trial. Wien Klin Wochenschr 2009;121:47–52.
41. Sanches B, Coelho L, Moretzsohn L, Vieira G Jr. Failure of
Helicobacter pylori treatment after regimes containing clarithromycin: new practical therapeutic options. Helicobacter 2008;13:572–576.
42. Ierardi E, Giangaspero A, Losurdo G, et al. Quadruple rescue therapy after first and second line failure for
Helicobacter pylori treatment: comparison between two tetracycline-based regimens. J Gastrointestin Liver Dis 2014;23:367–370.
43. Chen Q, Zhang W, Fu Q, et al. Rescue therapy for
Helicobacter pylori eradication: a randomized non-inferiority trial of amoxicillin or tetracycline in bismuth quadruple therapy. Am J Gastroenterol 2016;111:1736–1742.
44. Mori H, Suzuki H, Matsuzaki J, et al. Efficacy of 10-day sitafloxacin-containing third-line rescue therapies for
Helicobacter pylori strains containing the gyrA mutation. Helicobacter 2016;21:286–294.
45. Murakami K, Furuta T, Ando T, et al. Multi-center randomized controlled study to establish the standard third-line regimen for
Helicobacter pylori eradication in Japan. J Gastroenterol 2013;48:1128–1135.
46. Nishizawa T, Suzuki H, Nakagawa I, Iwasaki E, Masaoka T, Hibi T. Gatifloxacin-based triple therapy as a third-line regimen for
Helicobacter pylori eradication. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;23 Suppl 2:S167–S170.
47. Mori H, Suzuki H, Matsuzaki J, et al. Rifabutin-based 10-day and 14-day triple therapy as a third-line and fourth-line regimen for
Helicobacter pylori eradication: a pilot study. United European Gastroenterol J 2016;4:380–387.
48. Di Caro S, Franceschi F, Mariani A, et al. Second-line levofloxacin-based triple schemes for
Helicobacter pylori eradication. Dig Liver Dis 2009;41:480–485.
49. Chung JW, Lee JH, Jung HY, et al. Second-line
Helicobacter pylori eradication: a randomized comparison of 1-week or 2-week bismuth-containing quadruple therapy. Helicobacter 2011;16:289–294.
50. Lee BH, Kim N, Hwang TJ, et al. Bismuth-containing quadruple therapy as second-line treatment for
Helicobacter pylori infection: effect of treatment duration and antibiotic resistance on the eradication rate in Korea. Helicobacter 2010;15:38–45.
52. Lim HC, Lee YJ, An B, Lee SW, Lee YC, Moon BS. Rifabutin-based high-dose proton-pump inhibitor and amoxicillin triple regimen as the rescue treatment for
Helicobacter pylori. Helicobacter 2014;19:455–461.
53. Kuo CH, Wang SS, Hsu WH, et al. Rabeprazole can overcome the impact of CYP2C19 polymorphism on quadruple therapy. Helicobacter 2010;15:265–272.
54. Graham DY, Lee YC, Wu MS. Rational
Helicobacter pylori therapy: evidence-based medicine rather than medicine-based evidence. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;12:177–186.e3; discussion e12-e13.
55. Lim JH, Kim SG, Song JH, et al. Efficacy of levofloxacin-based third-line therapy for the eradication of
Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease. Gut Liver 2017;11:226–231.