1. Yamamoto Y, Fujisaki J, Omae M, Hirasawa T, Igarashi M.
Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric cancer: characteristics and endoscopic findings. Dig Endosc 2015;27:551–561.
2. Kiso M, Yoshihara M, Ito M, et al. Characteristics of gastric cancer in negative test of serum anti-
Helicobacter pylori antibody and pepsinogen test: a multicenter study. Gastric Cancer 2017;20:764–771.
3. Lee SY.
Helicobacter pylori infection and the Kyoto classification of gastritis. Korean J Helicobacter Up Gastrointest Res 2019;19:81–87.
4. Yoon H, Kim N, Lee HS, et al.
Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric cancer in South Korea: incidence and clinicopathologic characteristics. Helicobacter 2011;16:382–388.
5. Matsuo T, Ito M, Takata S, Tanaka S, Yoshihara M, Chayama K. Low prevalence of
Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric cancer among Japanese. Helicobacter 2011;16:415–419.
7. Ito M, Matsuo T, Tanaka S, Chayama K. Characteristics of
H. pylori-negative gastric cancer. Nihon Rinsho 2012;70:1802–1806.
8. Okano A, Kato S, Ohana M.
Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric cancer: advanced-stage undifferentiated adenocarcinoma located in the pyloric gland area. Clin J Gastroenterol 2017;10:13–17.
9. Hansford S, Kaurah P, Li-Chang H, et al. Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer syndrome: CDH1 mutations and beyond. JAMA Oncol 2015;1:23–32.
10. Jacobs MF, Dust H, Koeppe E, et al. Outcomes of endoscopic surveillance in individuals with genetic predisposition to hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. Gastroenterology 2019;157:87–96.
11. Kurashima Y, Murata-Kamiya N, Kikuchi K, et al. Deregulation of beta-catenin signal by
Helicobacter pylori CagA requires the CagA-multimerization sequence. Int J Cancer 2008;122:823–831.
12. Theuer CP, Al-Kuran R, Akiyama Y, Okumura M, Ziogas A, Carpenter PM. Increased epithelial cadherin expression among Japanese intestinal-type gastric cancers compared with specimens from American patients of European descent. Am Surg 2006;72:332–338.
13. Choi J, Kim SG, Kim BG, Koh SJ, Kim JW, Lee KL.
Helicobacter pylori eradication modulates aberrant CpG island hypermethylation in gastric carcinogenesis. Korean J Gastroenterol 2016;68:253–259.
14. Funakoshi T, Miyamoto S, Kakiuchi N, et al. Genetic analysis of a case of
Helicobacter pylori-uninfected intramucosal gastric cancer in a family with hereditary diffuse gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2019;22:892–898.
16. Horiuchi Y, Fujisaki J, Yamamoto N, et al. Biological behavior of the intramucosal
Helicobacter pylori-negative undifferentiated-type early gastric cancer: comparison with
Helicobacter pylori-positive early gastric cancer. Gastric Cancer 2016;19:160–165.
17. Ohyama H, Yoshimura D, Hirotsu Y, et al. Rapidly declining trend of signet ring cell cancer of the stomach may parallel the infection rate of
Helicobacter pylori. BMC Gastroenterol 2019;19:178.
18. Kwak HW, Choi IJ, Cho SJ, et al. Characteristics of gastric cancer according to
Helicobacter pylori infection status. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2014;29:1671–1677.
19. Hwang YJ, Kim N, Lee HS, et al. Reversibility of atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia after
Helicobacter pylori eradication - a prospective study for up to 10 years. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018;47:380–390.
20. Yoshimura D, Yoshimura R, Kato S, et al. Characteristics of gastric cancer without Helicobacter pylori infection and its relation to background mucosa. Stomach Intestine 2018;53:658–670.
21. Aoki R, Yasuda M, Yamanoi A, Yamamoto Y. Historical changes in cases of gastric cancer not associated with Helicobacter pylori infection detected at a health checkup facility. Stomach Intestine 2014;49:841–853.
22. Horiuchi Y, Fujisaki J, Yamamoto N, et al. The endoscopic and pathological characteristics of Helicobacter pylori uninfected signet ring cell carcinoma including difference of Helicobacter pylori infected and eradicated patients. Stomach Intestine 2020;55:42–49.
23. Japanese Gastric Cancer Association. Japanese classification of gastric carcinoma. 15th ed. Tokyo: Kanehara, 2017.
25. Fukuda M, Kushima R. Lauren classification. Stomach Intestine 2019;54:649.
27. Nagtegaal ID, Odze RD, Klimstra D, et al. The 2019 WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system. Histopathology 2020;76:182–188.
28. Yao T, Ueyama H, Ueo T, Hidaka Y, Nomura R. Two types of neoplasia in fundic-gland mucosa without Helicobacter pylori infection: gastric carcinoma and polyp with dysplasia. Stomach Intestine 2014;49:874–880.
29. Jalving M, Koornstra JJ, Wesseling J, et al. Increased risk of fundic gland polyps during long-term proton pump inhibitor therapy. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2006;24:1341–1348.
30. Fukuda M, Ishigaki H, Sugimoto M, et al. Histological analysis of fundic gland polyps secondary to PPI therapy. Histopathology 2019;75:537–545.
31. Hidaka Y, Mitomi H, Saito T, et al. Alteration in the Wnt/β -catenin signaling pathway in gastric neoplasias of fundic gland (chief cell predominant) type. Hum Pathol 2013;44:2438–2448.
32. Worthley DL, Phillips KD, Wayte N, et al. Gastric adenocarcinoma and proximal polyposis of the stomach (GAPPS): a new autosomal dominant syndrome. Gut 2012;61:774–779.
33. Tazaki S, Nozu F, Yoshikawa N, et al. Sporadic fundic gland polyp-related adenomas occurred in non-atrophic gastric mucosa without
Helicobacter pylori infection. Dig Endosc 2011;23:182–186.
34. Ueyama H, Yao T, Nakashima Y, et al. Gastric adenocarcinoma of fundic gland type (chief cell predominant type): proposal for a new entity of gastric adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2010;34:609–619.
35. Yaita H, Kurahara K, Kawasaki K. Clinicopathological features of Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric cancer. Stomach Intestine 2014;49:863–873.
39. Kim WH, Park CK, Kim YB, et al. A standardized pathology report for gastric cancer. Korean J Pathol 2005;39:106–113.
40. Kakinoki R, Kushima R, Matsubara A, et al. Re-evaluation of histogenesis of gastric carcinomas: a comparative histopathological study between
Helicobacter pylori-negative and
H. pylori-positive cases. Dig Dis Sci 2009;54:614–620.
42. Ishibashi F, Fukushima K, Ito T, Kobayashi K, Tanaka R, Onizuka R. Influence of
Helicobacter pylori infection on endoscopic findings of gastric adenocarcinoma of the fundic gland type. J Gastric Cancer 2019;19:225–233.
43. Bianchi LK, Burke CA, Bennett AE, Lopez R, Hasson H, Church JM. Fundic gland polyp dysplasia is common in familial adenomatous polyposis. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2008;6:180–185.
44. Yamanaka K, Miyatani H, Yoshida Y, et al. Malignant transformation of a gastric hyperplastic polyp in a context of
Helicobacter pylori-negative autoimmune gastritis: a case report. BMC Gastroenterol 2016;16:130.
45. Furuta T, Baba S, Yamade M, et al. High incidence of autoimmune gastritis in patients misdiagnosed with two or more failures of
H. pylori eradication. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2018;48:370–377.
46. Rugge M, Fassan M, Pizzi M, et al. Autoimmune gastritis: histology phenotype and OLGA staging. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2012;35:1460–1466.
47. Terao S, Suzuki S, Yaita H, et al. Multicenter study of autoimmune gastritis in Japan: clinical and endoscopic characteristics. Dig Endosc 2020;32:364–372.
48. Weise F, Vieth M, Reinhold D, et al. Gastric cancer in autoimmune gastritis: a case-control study from the German centers of the staR project on gastric cancer research. United European Gastroenterol J 2020;8:175–184.
50. Chiba T, Kato K, Masuda T, et al. Clinicopathological features of gastric adenocarcinoma of the fundic gland (chief cell predominant type) by retrospective and prospective analyses of endoscopic findings. Dig Endosc 2016;28:722–730.
51. Singhi AD, Lazenby AJ, Montgomery EA. Gastric adenocarcinoma with chief cell differentiation: a proposal for reclassification as oxyntic gland polyp/adenoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2012;36:1030–1035.
53. Serra S, Ali R, Bateman AC, et al. Gastric foveolar dysplasia: a survey of reporting habits and diagnostic criteria. Pathology 2017;49:391–396.
55. Nagaya T, Tanaka N, Iwaya Y, et al.
Helicobacter pylori-negative differentiated adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Intern Med 2015;54:2857–2862.
57. Yamada A, Kaise M, Inoshita N, et al. Characterization of
Helicobacter pylori-naïve early gastric cancers. Digestion 2018;98:127–134.
59. Onoda K, Nakahodo J, Nagayama R, Kawai K, Kitamura S. Differentiated gastric cancer with gastric-type, low-grade atypia (submucosa and deeper): report of a case. Stomach Intestine 2018;53:81–91.
60. Ueyama K, Matsumoto J, Ikeda F, et al. About the present conditions of the pylori-negative (non-infection) gastric cancer. Jpn J Helicobacter Res 2019;20:103–111.
62. Abraham SC, Montgomery EA, Singh VK, Yardley JH, Wu TT. Gastric adenomas: intestinal-type and gastric-type adenomas differ in the risk of adenocarcinoma and presence of background mucosal pathology. Am J Surg Pathol 2002;26:1276–1285.
64. Kushima R, Mukaisho K, Vieth M, Borchard F, Stolte M, Hattori T. Pyloric-gland-type adenomas of the stomach. Stomach Intestine 2003;38:1377–1387.
65. Abraham SC, Park SJ, Lee JH, Mugartegui L, Wu TT. Genetic alterations in gastric adenomas of intestinal and foveolar phenotypes. Mod Pathol 2003;16:786–795.
66. Yoshimura D, Yoshimura R, Kato S, et al. Endoscopic diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori-uninfected gastric cancer: an analysis of case series. Stomach Intestine 2020;55:572–583.
67. Mizutani T, Araki H, Saigo C, et al. Endoscopic and pathological characteristics of Helicobacter pylori infection-negative early gastric cancer. Dig Dis 2020;38:474–483.
68. Hashimoto T, Ogawa R, Matsubara A, et al. Familial adenomatous polyposis-associated and sporadic pyloric gland adenomas of the upper gastrointestinal tract share common genetic features. Histopathology 2015;67:689–698.
69. Choi WT, Brown I, Ushiku T, et al. Gastric pyloric gland adenoma: a multicentre clinicopathological study of 67 cases. Histopathology 2018;72:1007–1014.
71. Kim JH, Lee SY, Lee SP, et al. The histologic detection of
Helicobacter pylori in seropositive subjects is affected by pathology and secretory ability of the stomach. Helicobacter 2018;23:e12480.
72. Seo TH, Lee SY, Uchida T, et al. The origin of non-
H. pylori-related positive Giemsa staining in human gastric biopsy specimens: a prospective study. Dig Liver Dis 2011;43:23–27.
73. Barbosa J, Dinis-Ribeiro M, Guilherme M, et al. Use of
Helicobacter pylori-specific antibodies in the evaluation of intestinal metaplasia and gastric dysplasia. Br J Biomed Sci 2003;60:175–179.
74. Atkinson NS, Braden B.
Helicobacter pylori infection: diagnostic strategies in primary diagnosis and after therapy. Dig Dis Sci 2016;61:19–24.
75. Kim HJ, Kim N, Yoon H, et al. Comparison between resectable
Helicobacter pylori-negative and -positive gastric cancers. Gut Liver 2016;10:212–219.
76. Yaita H, Kurahara K, Kawasaki K, et al. Clinicopathological features of Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric cancer. Stomach Intestine 2014;49:863–873.
78. Lee SY. Endoscopic findings of gastritis. Seoul: Hakjisa Medical, 2019.
79. Ono S, Kato M, Suzuki M, et al. Frequency of
Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric cancer and gastric mucosal atrophy in a Japanese endoscopic submucosal dissection series including histological, endoscopic and serological atrophy. Digestion 2012;86:59–65.
80. Fujisaki J, Yamamoto N, Horiuchi Y, et al. Characteristic endoscopic findings of Helicobacter pylori-negative early gastric undifferentiated adenocarcinoma. Stomach Intestine 2014;49:854–861.
81. Kato S, Matsukura N, Tsukada K, et al.
Helicobacter pylori infection-negative gastric cancer in Japanese hospital patients: incidence and pathological characteristics. Cancer Sci 2007;98:790–794.
82. Ono S, Kato M, Asaka M. H. pylori-negative gastric cancer. Jpn J Helicobacter Res 2011;13:18–20.
83. Tu H, Sun L, Dong X, et al. Serum anti-
Helicobacter pylori immunoglobulin G titer correlates with grade of histological gastritis, mucosal bacterial density, and levels of serum biomarkers. Scand J Gastroenterol 2014;49:259–266.
84. Lee SY, Moon HW, Hur M, Yun YM. Validation of western
Helicobacter pylori IgG antibody assays in Korean adults. J Med Microbiol 2015;64:513–518.
85. Shan J, Lei H, Shi W, Sun X, Tang Y, Ren C. High serum pepsinogen I and beta
Helicobacter pylori infection are risk factors for aspirin-induced gastroduodenal injury. Dig Dis 2018;36:66–71.
86. Nam SY, Jeon SW, Lee HS, Kwon YH, Park H, Choi JW. Long-term follow-up of pepsinogen I/II ratio after eradication of
Helicobacter pylori in patients who underwent endoscopic mucosal resection for gastric cancer. Dig Liver Dis 2017;49:500–506.