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Korean J Helicobacter Up Gastrointest Res > Volume 21(3); 2021 > Article |
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Study | Subjects number | Age (years) | Eradication regimen | Eradication duration | Timing of fecal sampling after eradication | Method | Change of gut microbiota after eradication compared with baseline |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Myllyluoma et al. [15] (2007) | 20 | 58.3 | LaAC | 7 days | IA | FISH | ↓Total cell counts |
↓Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus/Enterococcus | |||||||
↓Bacteroides fragilis-Bacteroides distasonis, Clostridium histolyticum, Eubacterium rectale-Clostridium coccoides, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii | |||||||
Culture | ↓Total anaerobes & aerobes | ||||||
↓Enterobacteriaceae | |||||||
↑Yeasts | |||||||
3 weeks after | FISH | ↓Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus/Enterococcus | |||||
↓Bacteroides fragilis-Bacteroides distasonis, Faecalibacterium prausnitzii | |||||||
Culture | No significant difference in taxonomy | ||||||
9 weeks after | FISH | ↓Bifidobacteria, Lactobacillus/Enterococcus | |||||
↓Faecalibacterium prausnitzii | |||||||
Culture | No significant difference in taxonomy | ||||||
Jakobsson et al. [16] (2010) | 3 | NA | OCM | 7 days | IA | 16s rRNA | ↓Alpha diversity |
↓Actinobacteria | |||||||
Oh et al. [17] (2016) | 10 | 49.3±3.6 | LaAC | 14 days | IA | 16s rRNA | ↓Firmicutes |
↑Proteobacteria | |||||||
Yap et al. [18] (2016) | 17 | 25.0 | PaAC | 7 days | 6 months after | 16s rRNA | ↓TM7 |
↑Anaerofustis, Phascolarctobacterium, Ruminococcus | |||||||
12 months after | ↓Bacteroidetes | ||||||
↑Dialister, Helicobacter | |||||||
↓Agrobacterium | |||||||
18 months after | ↑TM7 | ||||||
↑Helicobacter | |||||||
Khusnutdin- ova et al. [19] (2016) | 74 | NA | PACB+lactulos | 14 days | IA | Shotgun sequencing | ↑Bacteroides, Escherichia |
↓Bifidobacterium, Eubacterium | |||||||
Yanagi et al. [20] (2017) | 20 | 63.8±13.2 | LaAC | 7 days | IA | 16s rRNA | ↑Bacteroidetes, Archaea |
↓Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria | |||||||
3 months after | ↑Bacteroidetes | ||||||
↓Actinobacteria | |||||||
↓Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio | |||||||
↓Bifidobacterium | |||||||
↑Faecalibacterium prausnitzii | |||||||
Hsu et al. [21] (2018) | 11 | 48.8±12.5 | PaTMB | 14 days | IA | 16s rRNA | ↓Alpha diversity |
↓Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Verrucomicrobia | |||||||
↑Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria | |||||||
↓Bacteroides, Butyricimonas, Odoribacter, Wautersiella, Prevotella, Paraprevotella, Clostridum, Faecalibacterium, Ruminococcus, Blautia, Oscillospira, Coprococcus, Dorea, Dialister | |||||||
↑Bifidobacterium, Pleisiomonas, Proteus, Serratia, Enterococcus, Streptococcus, Granulicatella, Vagoccocus, Carnobacterium, Macrococcus | |||||||
6 weeks after | ↓Alpha diversity | ||||||
No significant difference in taxonomy | |||||||
46 weeks after | No significant difference in taxonomy | ||||||
Chen et al. [22] (2018) | 32 | 43.2±12.5 | PaAFB | 14 days | IA | 16s rRNA | ↓Alpha diversity (up to 6 weeks) |
↓Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia, Lentisphaerae | |||||||
↓Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae | |||||||
↑Enterobacteriaceae, Leuconostocaceae | |||||||
↓Rikenellaceae, Christensenellaceae, Peptococcaceae, Clostridiales Family XI, Victivallaceae | |||||||
↑Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria | |||||||
↑Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio | |||||||
7 weeks after | No significant difference at phyla level | ||||||
↑Enterobacteriaceae, Leuconostocaceae | |||||||
↓Rikenellaceae, Christensenellaceae, Peptococcaceae, Clostridiales Family XI, Victivallaceae | |||||||
Gotoda et al. [23] (2018) | 8 | 14.2±0.4 | VAC | 7 days | 1 week after | 16s rRNA | ↓Richness, Evenness |
↑Bacteroidetes (tendency) | |||||||
↓Actinobacteria | |||||||
↓Bifidobacteriales | |||||||
8 weeks after | No significant difference in taxonomy | ||||||
He et al. [24] (2019) | 10 | 24.1±2.4 | EAFB | 14 days | 4 weeks after | 16s rRNA | ↓Alpha diversity |
24 weeks after | ↓Alpha diversity | ||||||
↑Firmicutes | |||||||
↓Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria | |||||||
↑Lachnoclostridium, Blautia | |||||||
↓Alistipes | |||||||
Cornejo-Pareja et al. [25] (2019) | 40 | 47.0±2.0 | OAC | 10 days | 2 months after | 16s rRNA | ↓Alpha diversity |
↓Actinobacteria, Tenericutes | |||||||
Hsu et al. [26] (2019) | 12 | 53.5±14.5 | PaA → CM | 14 days → 7 days | IA | 16s rRNA | ↓Alpha diversity |
↓Firmicutes, Actinobacteria | |||||||
↑Proteobacteria | |||||||
↓Clostridium, Coprococcus, Lachnospira, Roseburia, Ruminococcus, Collinsella | |||||||
↑Klebsiella, Proteus, Serratia, Trabulsiella | |||||||
6 weeks after | ↓Staphylococcus | ||||||
46 weeks after | ↓Brochothrix, Lysinibacillus, Solibacillus, Enhydrobacter, Psychrobacter, Pseudomonas | ||||||
Liou et al. [27] (2019) | 408 | 53.4±12.6 | LaAC | 14 days | IA | 16s rRNA | ↓Alpha diversity |
↓Fusobacteria | |||||||
6 weeks after | No significant difference in taxonomy | ||||||
1 year after | No significant difference in taxonomy | ||||||
410 | 52.8±11.4 | LaACM | 10 days | IA | ↓Alpha diversity | ||
↓Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria | |||||||
↑Proteobacteria | |||||||
6 weeks after | ↓Alpha diversity | ||||||
1 year after | ↓Alpha diversity | ||||||
396 | 53.1±11.5 | LaTMB | 10 days | IA | ↓Alpha diversity | ||
↓Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria | |||||||
↑Proteobacteria | |||||||
6 weeks after | ↓Alpha diversity | ||||||
1 year after | ↓Alpha diversity | ||||||
Martín-Núñez et al. [28] (2019) | 40 | 47.0±12.8 | OAC | 10 days | 2 months after | 16s rRNA | ↓Alpha diversity |
↓Actinobacteria | |||||||
↓Bifidobacteriaceae, Bifidobacterium, B. longum, B. adolescentis, Streptococcaceae, Streptococcus | |||||||
Olekhnovich et al. [29] (2019) | 40 | 47.7±13.1 | OACB | 14 days | IA | Shotgun sequencing | ↓Alpha diversity |
↓Bifidobacterium adolescentis | |||||||
↑Enterococcus faecium | |||||||
Kakiuchi et al. [30] (2021) | 16 | 15.6 | VAC | 7 days | IA | 16s rRNA | ↓Alpha diversity |
↓Actinobacteria | |||||||
↓Coriobacteriia | |||||||
↓Coriobacteriaceae | |||||||
8~12 weeks after | ↓Coriobacteriia |
La, lansoprazole; A, amoxicillin; C, clarithromycin; FISH, fluorescence in situ hybridisation; NA, non-available; O, omeprazole; M, metronidazole; IA, immediately after; 16s rRNA, 16s rRNA amplicon sequencing; Pa, pantoprazole; P, proton pump inhibitor; B, bismuth subsalicylate; T, tetracycline; F, flurazolidone; V, vonoprazan fumarate; E, esomeprazole.
Study | Sex/age (years) | Eradication regimen | Symptom | Onset of symptom | Diagnosis (CD toxin/pseudomembrane) | Treatment |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Awad et al. [44] (1994) | F/61 | AM | NA | NA | +/+ | Vancomycin |
Teare et al. [45] (1995) | F/77, F/78 | OC | Diarrhea | NA | +/NA | Metronidazole |
Vancomycin | ||||||
Archimandritis et al. [46] (1998) | M/54 | OCM | Diarrhea | 5 days after starting HPE | +/NA | Metronidazole |
Tenesmus | ||||||
Nawaz et al. [47] (1998) | F/67 | H2AMB | Abdominal pain | 7 days after completing HPE | +/NA | Metronidazole |
Diarrhea | ||||||
Blood and mucus on rectal exam | ||||||
Harsch et al. [48] (2001) | F/86 | OCM | Abdominal pain | A few days after starting HPE | +/+ | Vancomycin |
Watery diarrhea | ||||||
Lau et al. [49] (2001) | M/73 | LaAC | Anemia | 6 weeks after completing HPE | +/+ | Vancomycin |
Rai et al. [50] (2002) | M/43 | LaCM | Abdominal pain | 5 days after starting HPE | NA/- | Surgery |
Bilous vomiting | ||||||
Constipation | ||||||
Yoo et al. [51] (2005) | M/56 | RaAC | Watery diarrhea | 5 days after starting HPE | +/- | Metronidazole |
Kubo et al. [52] (2006) | F/69 | LaAC | Watery diarrhea | 20 days after completing HPE | +/+ | Vancomycin |
Trifan et al. [53] (2013) | F/70, F/71 | PaAC | Abdominal pain | 3 weeks and 5 days after completing HPE | +/+ | Vancomycin |
Watery diarrhea | ||||||
Sato et al. [54] (2014) | M/65 | RaAC | Fever | 14 days after completing HPE | NA/+ | Vancomycin |
Watery diarrhea | ||||||
Nei et al. [55] (2020) | M/74 | VASa | Watery diarrhea | 11 days after starting HPE | +/NA | Metronidazole |
Generalized malaise | Vancomycin | |||||
Colectomy |
CD, Clostridioides difficile; F, female; A, amoxicillin; M, metronidazole; NA, non-available; O, omeprazole; C, clarithromycin; M, male; HPE, Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy; H2, histamine-2 receptor antagonist; B, bismuth subsalicylate; La, lansoprazole; Ra, rabeprazole; Pa, pantoprazole; V, vonoprazan fumarate; S, sitafloxacin.
Study | Sex/age (years) | Eradication regimen | Symptom | Onset of symptom | Diagnosis (CT; CF; CD toxin or culture/K. oxytoca culture) | Treament |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Miller et al. [65] (1998) | F/49 | H2AM | Abdominal pain | 3 days after starting HPE | NA; hemorrhagic ulcerative, inflammatory mucosa, mid AC~SF; (-)/NA | Discontinue antibiotic |
Bloody diarrhea | Bowel rest | |||||
Parenteral analgesia | ||||||
Kim et al. [62] (2003) | M/31 | OAC | Abdominal pain | 5 days after starting HPE | Colonic wall edema with contrast enhancement, AC~TC; hemorrhagic edematous mucosa with irregular superficial ulcer; (-)/(-) | Discontinue antibiotics |
Bloody diarrhea | ||||||
Lee et al. [63] (2011) | M/55 | PAC | Diarrhea | 5 days after starting HPE | NA; diffuse mucosal hemorrhage, TC; NA/NA | Bowel rest |
Hematochezia | 28 days after completing HPE | Probiotics | ||||
Abe et al. [66] (2014) | F/67 | LaAC | Abdominal pain | 3 days after starting HPE | Colonic wall thickening, AC; deep longitudinal ulcer with dark purple color change; (-)/(+) | Discontinue antibiotics |
Hematochezia | Bowel rest | |||||
Ikegami et al. [67] (2015) | F/58 | RaAMa | Abdominal pain | 8 days after starting HPE | NA; hemorrhagic edematous mucosa, AC; (-)/(-) | Bowel rest |
Bloody diarrhea | Probiotics | |||||
Ikegami et al. [67] (2015) | M/54 | RaAMa | Abdominal pain | 7 days after starting HPE | Colonic wall thickening, AC~sigmoid; NA; (-)/(-) | Bowel rest |
Bloody diarrhea | Probiotics | |||||
Ikegami et al. [67] (2015) | F/59 | RaAMa | Abdominal pain | 9 days after starting HPE | Colonic wall thickening, AC~TC; NA; (-)/(-) | Bowel rest |
Bloody diarrhea | Probiotics | |||||
Tanaka et al. [68] (2017) | F/65 | VAMa | Abdominal pain | 1 day after completing HPE | NA; hemorrhagic edematous mucosa, TC; (-)/(+) | Bowel rest |
Hematochezia | Oral prednisolone 5 mg | |||||
Hamada et al. [64] (2020) | M/53 | VAMa | Abdominal pain | 3 days after completing HPE | Colonic wall thickening, AC; hemorrhagic edematous mucosa, AC; (-)/(-) | Bowel rest |
Hematochezia | ||||||
Kajihara et al. [69] (2020) | M/55 | RaAMa | Abdominal pain | 5 days after starting HPE | Colonic wall thickening, TC~SF; hemorrhagic edematous mucosa, TC~SF; NA/(+) | Discontinue antibiotics |
Bloody diarrhea |
CT, computed tomography; CF, colonoscopy; CD, Clostridioides difficile; K. oxytoca, Klebsiella oxytoca; F, female; H2, histamine-2 receptor antagonist; A, amoxicillin; M, metronidazole; HPE, Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy; NA, non-available; AC, ascending colon; SF, splenic flexure; M, male; O, omeprazole; C, clarithromycin; TC, transverse colon; P, proton pump inhibitor; La, lansoprazole; Ra, rabeprazole; V, vonoprazan fumarate.
AAD | CDAD | AAHC | |
---|---|---|---|
Age | Variable, mainly children | Mainly old | Variable |
Clinical setting | Outpatients > inpatients | Inpatients > outpatients | Outpatients > inpatients |
Occasionally epidemic or endemic in hospital or long-term care facility | |||
Risk factors [83] | History of diarrhea with antibiotics therapy is common | Previous hospitalization | |
Previous long term care residence | |||
Previous CDAD history | |||
Comorbidity | |||
Chemotherapy or cancer | |||
Abdominal surgery | |||
Implicated antibiotics | All antibiotics, but common with broad-spectrum antibiotics such as cephalosporins, extended-coverage penicillin, clindamycin, fluoroquinolones | All antibiotics, but common with broad-spectrum antibiotics such as cephalosporins, extended-coverage penicillin, clindamycin, fluoroquinolones | Mainly penicillin, rarely, cephalosporin, ciprofloxacin |
Causative microorganism | (-) | Clostridioides difficile | Klebsiella oxytoca but not in all cases |
Symptom | Diarrhea, usually mild | Diarrhea, abdominal pain, fever | Abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea |
No sign of infection | Sign of infection | Usually, no sign of infection | |
CD toxin | (-) | (+) | (-) |
Affected colonic region | (-) | Any, but, limited to the right colon in 1/3 of cases | Usually right or transverse colon |
CF | Normal | Normal in mild, non-specific colitis (erythema, edema, friability), pseudo- membrane, commonly rectal sparing | Hemorrhagic and edematous mucosa, irregular superficial ulcerative and inflammatory mucosa |
CT | Non-specific | Mucosal edema, thumbprinting, thickened colon, pancolitis, pericolic inflammation with or without ascites in the absence of small-bowel involvement, typical accordion sign | Colonic wall thickening |
Treatment | Discontinue implicated antibiotics | Discontinue implicated antibiotics | Discontinue implicated antibiotics |
Oral metronidazole, vancomycin | |||
Probiotics | Fecal microbiota transplantation | Bowel rest |
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